SNCC :: essays research papers

SNCC The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh in April 1960. SNCC was created after a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. SNCC coordinated these sit-ins across the nation, supported their leaders, and publicized their activities. SNCC sought to affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of their purpose. In the violently changing political climate of the 60’s, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression. Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond. Together with hundreds of other students, they left a lasting impact on American h istory. John Lewis was an influential SNCC leader and is recognized by most as one of the important leaders of the civil rights movement as a whole. In 1961, Lewis joined SNCC in the Freedom Rides. Riders traveled the South challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals. In 1963, when Chuck McDew stepped down as SNCC chairman, Lewis was quickly elected to take over. Lewis' experience at that point was already widely respected--he had been arrested 24 times as a result of his activism. In 1963, Lewis helped plan and took part in the March on Washington. At the age of 23, he was a keynote speaker at the historic event. He stepped down from his position in 1966. Stokeley Carmichael, a fellow Freedom Rider, was elected chairman of SNCC and soon after raised the cry of "black power." Some were alarmed by the concept of black power and many were critical of Carmichael's new approach. In the summer of 1964, SNCC organized the Mississippi Summer Project, which was an urgent call to action for students in Mississippi to challenge and overcome the white racism of their state. The Mississippi Summer Project had three goals: registering voters, operating Freedom Schools, and organizing the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) precincts. SNCC organized Freedom Days where they gathered black people together to collectively try to register to vote and Freedom Schools where they taught children, many of who couldn't yet read or write, to stand up and demand their freedom.

Fast-Food Gone Bad Essay

An argument is an implicit dialogue that has importance to appeals. This is done by using different elements of an argument, in which the different parts are the claim (or thesis), the support, the evidence, the warrant, the appeals to the audience, and the counter argument that is being used in the scenario. In this essay that Michele Simon has wrote she examines the unhealthy choices of the some restaurants and explains on how they’re misleading the healthy people in the World. In Michele Simon’s â€Å"Even the ‘Healthy’ Choices at Fast Food Restaurants Are Unhealthy†, uses all of the parts and the elements of an argument in her essay. The first statement that Simon makes is â€Å"In response to sharpening criticism from nutrition advocates, fast-food franchises have added supposedly ‘healthy’ options to their menus† (Simon 473). This would be Simon’s claim, which would be the thesis statement of her argument. This is what the author or the person who wrote the situation is trying to tell you what they’re trying to answer or trying to prove in their argument. Arguments typically have three types of claims; claim of fact, claim of value, and claim of policy. In Simon’s argument her thesis is a claim of policy because she is trying to make a solution to figure out there problem and make it better so there can be something done about this or try to make better. We know there are many problems with fast food and Simon proves her argument by going on and saying different reasons for why this is true in her essay. The warrant is a belief or principle that can be assumed based on the argument. The warrant is never stated in great detail, and it must be drawn from statements made by the arguer. While it is not said by Simon her warrant is still clear and well understood. In Simon’s argument as implies that fast-food restaurants are not committed to the well being of their patrons (Simon). Also it is said that Simon thinks that fast-food restaurants are misleading to consumers who are trying to eat healthy. This also warrants that menu items are misleading and sometimes confusing for the consumer that is buying the product. The consumer could think that they were getting something healthier then a cheeseburger, but in all truth it’s actually worse than that cheeseburger. She must appeal to her audience in order to win the argument, by saying that a majority of fast-food restaurants are not telling the truth about their menu items and that there not healthy. The evidence is used to give strength to the argument and to prove the support for the claim. Many forms of evidence are found in examples, statistics, and expert is brought in to give valuable feedback on the argument. Simon provides many forms of evidence to back up her claim that she has possessed. In her first form of evidence she implies â€Å"The new Happy Meal option, which includes a sugar-loaded caramel dipping sauce† (Simon 473). She is implying that this idea is not much better then French fries because the caramel dipping sauce is full of sugar. Simon’s next problem was that she mentions â€Å"instead of a coke, kids can now have apple juice or milk† (Simon 475). This evidence Simon is trying to say that the apple juice and milk is still full of sugars and it’s still not good for your children. The next support of evidence for her claim is that she implies that â€Å"calling the chicken ‘crispy’ instead of fried is misleading† (Simon 474). She mentions that because if a person hears this that would automatically think that this is healthy salad. She is implying that is should just be called fried because so many people could get this confused. The logos support and evidence has support from multiple studies with facts and stats, given as evidence. Ethos supports from appeals to individuals in dealing with menu items and the choices on it. Pathos is used throughout her essay by giving thought to how unhealthy fast-food is. She mentions that â€Å"For a toddler who needs 1,000 calories per day, a Happy Meal consisting of four Chicken McNuggets, small French fries, and a low-fat chocolate milk totals 580 calories, or more than half of a child’s daily recommended calorie intake† (Simon 475). Simon is saying that no matter what you’re getting at a fast-food restaurant it’s going to be unhealthy for you, and your children. The counter argument Simon takes into consideration the argument opposing her claim, Simon doesn’t spend much time about a counter argument, but it is addressed in her essay. Simon grants â€Å"Go Active! Adult Happy Meal† (Simon 476). Which fell through and done away with because it didn’t work. Simon points out â€Å"In 2004 Ruby Tuesday reduced some portion sizes and added healthier items† (Simon 476). Another thing that Simon points out that was that â€Å"Wendy’s garnered great press in February 2005 for its ‘bold’ decision to add fresh fruit to its menu† (Simon 476). Simon has all of these examples for the counter argument that the fast-food industry is getting somewhat better. In conclusion there are many parts of an argument, and Simon uses all of these parts to successfully get her argument across effectively. She makes her claim, and then backs it up with the right support and to make his claim even stronger. Then she successfully gets the warrant across which has great appeal to the audience and is needed to make the claim that much stronger. Then finally Simon uses her counter argument to address to her audience what has been happening in the years past to try and fix the problem. Works Cited Simon, Michele. â€Å"Even the ‘Healthy’ Choices at Fast-Food Restaurants Are Unhealthy. â€Å". 473-75. Print. Excerpt from The Purposeful Argument: A Practical Guide. Boston: Patricia Bostian, 2006. N. pag.

Poetry Byzantium Free Essay Example, 1500 words

This is further emphasized with the belittling of mankind in their description as â€Å"mere complexities† (7). In the second stanza, the speaker in the poem describes what he sees as â€Å"shades† (9-10), refers to figures bound in â€Å"mummy-cloth† (11) and â€Å"hail[s] the superhuman† (15), all terms that bring to mind the idea of spirituality and separation body from soul giving freedom and perfection to the latter. The reader is made to understand that we are not discussing a dream or anything that can take place in the normal human world, but instead are getting a rare glimpse at the shadows left behind by the spiritual and perfect world beyond humanity. This other world exists so far distant from ourselves that we must call the things we see there â€Å"superhuman† (15) because they can be nothing less. The word â€Å"miracle† (17-18) is invoked twice, to underscore the heavenly nature of his speech. By mentioning â€Å"Hades† (20), Yeats solidifies the suggestions he’s made so far, indicating this is the realm to which human spirits go once they leave the material plane. We will write a custom essay sample on Poetry: Byzantium or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Even more, because the bird, or creature, or whatever, is made of pure â€Å"changeless metal† (22), like the essence of the soul, like the essence of art, it is able to sing with â€Å"scorn† (21) of the â€Å"complexities† (24) of the human body. Further, he mentions in the fourth stanza, that the â€Å"blood-begotten spirits come† (28), yet the â€Å"complexities† (29) leave. He ends the last stanza with the mention, twice, of â€Å"spirits† (34) that come to receive the attention of the smithies. As can be seen, the word choice alone is sufficient to demonstrate Yeats’ ideas of a perfect spiritual plane to which human spirits are brought on dolphin-back to the ideal, yet difficult to comprehend by human standards and measures the city of Byzantium. Written in the present tense, Yeats makes the complexity of this otherworldly essence clear within the text of the poem by simultaneously presenting and deconstructing images that are brought forward. In the first stanza, he provides the idea that it is necessary for the human world to fade away in order to understand or even view Byzantium: â€Å"The unpurged images of day recede; / The Emperors drunken soldiery are abed; / Night resonance recedes, night walkers song† (1-3). However, because he is speaking to humans as a human, it is impossible for this separation to occur sufficiently enough to adequately portray the image he holds in his mind of what Byzantium is. It is in the second stanza, however, that this con cept becomes clear as his author explains â€Å"Before me floats an image, man or shade, / Shade more than man, more image than a shade; † (9-10).

Minority Groups Ethnic Minorities - 890 Words

In a world where society is mostly driven by our faults, family can be a relative term that brings it all back down to earth. Since societies can be extremely divided at times, it is important to have a back bone and a community that understand your own values, customs, and practices. It has been said that â€Å"minority group† families, which in Canada or the United States, could be considered anyone who isn’t Caucasian, are less stable in form and function than families who are a part of the general societal â€Å"majority†. Throughout this essay, I would like to discuss how untrue this statement is. From racial and cultural differences, to relying on each other and to growing as a unit, it is evident that minorities can have an even stronger†¦show more content†¦Different cultures and practices require acceptance from each dominating ethnic groups, and this can be incredibly difficult to achieve. Growing up in the 90’s or earlier, it was partic ularly difficult to find classmates, or even friends who shared the same values as you. As time goes on, society opens up to various practices and accepts the fact that not everyone is the same. This leads to relying and confiding in those who are of the same minority groups. Since it can be difficult to meet people who are in the same ethnic minority, it forms a bond and sense of reliance on one another. These families have no one but each other, which proves that their relationship will be stronger, because their loyalty lies with each other. A Muslim family that must pray 5 times a day for religious purposes will feel more accepted and understood with those of their own religious group. In elementary school, I was the only Muslim until Grade 6. I did not learn to pray or share my values with anyone because no one would understand or even accommodate my needs. When the Muslim community began to expand, I noticed prayer groups being formed and students had a quiet area to meet their religious needs. I wonder how different I would be if thereShow MoreRelatedA Long History Of Unequal Treatment Among Ethnic Minority Groups Essay1872 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In the United States, there is a long history of unequal treatment among ethnic minority groups, particularly for African Americans. Unfortunately, this injustice also appears in education. Sociologists have affirmed the importance of education in shaping the economic and social prospects of individuals. As all communities in the United States have been diversified, it becomes crucial to recognize and properly deal with diversity within the classroom. All studnets should be guaranteedRead MorePatterns of Social and Ethnic Residential Segregation Among Social Groups Ethnic Minorities1001 Words   |  5 PagesPATTERNS OF SOCIAL AND ETHNIC RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AMONG SOCIAL GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES Residential segregation can be explained as special appearance of social inequality, unequal distribution of social, ethnic, etc. groups. The spatial objective reflection of the complicated system of social relation can interpret the socio-economic structure of the city, and the allocation of different social groups. Appears in space in segregation curve where higher and lower social classes are much differentRead MoreLiving in a multicultural society takes time1547 Words   |  7 Pages‘Living in a multicultural society takes time.’ To what extend is this illustrated by the challenge of multicultural societies in the UK? (40) A multicultural society is the status of several different ethnic, racial, religious or cultural groups coexisting in harmony in the same society. From the early 19th century people have immigrated to England, developing its diversity. During World War 2 polish and Jewish people immigrated to the UK to escape fascism. Also as the UK is part of the EuropeanRead MoreEssay about Changes in China’s Ethnic Minorities1275 Words   |  6 PagesChina is a Han-dominant multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural nation. China’s present government recognizes 56 official ethnic groups. Han is the majority group. The rest of the 55 are minorities, which are eligible for special policies such as subsidies for certain food, special consideration in national college entrance exams, and much more lenient birth control policies. According to the latest state census in 2010, 91.51% of the population was of the Han nationality, down slightlyRead MoreIn what ways does ones race/ethnicity shape ones life-chances in contemporary society?1710 Words   |  7 Pageswe are and where we come from. What race or ethnic group we belong to determines our life chances in contemporary society. Ethnicity is the cultural background of a group of people who share a belief in common ancestry. According to Max Weber, ethnic groups are formed by colonisation and immigration. Ethnicity is something we all have but in Australia and in many parts of the world, ethnicity is often applied on minority groups to highlight dominant groups of people on the bases of physical appearanceRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care For Minorities917 Words   |  4 Pagesin medicine leads to worse care for minorities is an article from U.S News world report on the website http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2016-02-1 1/racial-bias-in-medicine-leads-to-worse-care-for-minorities. In this article, the experience of a medical doctor is used to shed light on the subject of racial bias/ discrimination in health care and how it is affecting health outcome of racial and ethnic minority. â€Å"Race or ethnic group is a major social factor that influencesRead MoreUnit 3 Citizenship, Diversity and the Public Services1510 Words   |  7 PagesDerbyshire and give them an interest and give them some inspiration to change their lifestyle for the better. However this project is not just for young people who are getting into trouble with the law, Steve also encourages family, social and school groups from any social-economic to participate in this great scheme. For these people of society this project offers a boxing style fitness session with circuit training and additional motivation from Steve, to develop overall fitness, self discipline andRead MoreEthnic and Racial Inequalities in the Justice System Essay556 Words   |  3 PagesEthnic and Racial Inequalities in the Justice System There are many ethnic differences in each stage of the justice system. In order to be able to prove these it is important to break the system down, and evaluate it bit by bit, showing the possible signs of ethnic differences. Firstly Policing, Philips and Bowling (2007) have noted that in the 1970’s there have been many accusations of oppressive policing if minority ethnic communities. These have included mass stop and search operationsRead MoreRace And Ethnicity Searches For Equality1232 Words   |  5 Pagesall racial and ethnic groups though we find that inequality is still a common issue. Racial and ethnic groups are expanding and outnumbering the dominant force, however, minority groups still have no rule against the dominant force. A minority is a subordinate group whose members have remarkably less control or power over the dominant force.(pg.4) Groups are ranked by pinpointing unique features of an individual in order to define them within a specific bracket. For example, a minority or subordinateRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action Discriminates against Asians1146 Words   |  5 Pagespast. It is a set of procedures intended to eliminate the discrimination of an applicant based on their ethnic origin. President John F. Kennedy first introduced the concept â€Å"broadly across the United States with his Executive Order number 10925† and â€Å"in 1978 the Supreme Court ruled that race could be used as an admission standard† (Wilcher). The utilization of race is a â€Å"plus factor† for minority races but it has developed into a disadvantage for Asian-American students who demonstrate academic excellence

The Great Recession And Financial Crisis - 1865 Words

The Great Recession or Financial crisis started in late 2006 beginning of 2007 when the subprime mortgages in the united states started to exhibit at a growing rate of mortgage defaults. Which led, in late 2006, to a decline in US housing market after exponentially higher growth. Many homeowners witnessed how the assets, (main source) devalue. By mid 2007, the housing market started showing an unusual default on home loans. By 2008, the U.S. witnesses and live the worst financial recession since the end of WWII. In 2008, a number of Banks, Financial Institutions and Non-Financial institutions failures sparked Financial Crisis or as some economist call â€Å"The Great Recession† that efficiently froze the entire world Financial institutions,†¦show more content†¦The Financial crisis has its roots in real estate and the famous sub-prime lending crisis. In 1990, during president Bill Clinton administration, Commercial banks and residential properties witnessed their values increase for almost a decade. Increases in the house market coincide with the lowering of interest rate and lending standards to unqualified borrowers accepting them to take out mortgages whereas at the same time the government deregulations mixed the lines between traditional financial institutions and mortgages lenders. The real estate loans were distributing through out the financial Banking system in the shape of CDOs and other complex derivatives in order to scatter or spread the risk; however, when home values stopped to rise and homeowners flopped to keep up with their payments and banks were forced to foreclosure their homes. The financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 may well be called the financial engineering and corporate authority gone wild. The birth of the financial crisis can be draw back to the property asset bubble in the US between 1997 and 2006. This financial bubble was enabled by a badly regulated subprime mortgage industry and the assumption that property prices would continue to

Case Laramie Free Essays

The Laramie account is a big account. It is a big account because this is the first time they are having a full-scale audit of their financial statements and they are planning to go public and become an initial public offering (PIP). Since this is our first time this is happening we have to very careful with the analytical procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Laramie or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analytical procedures are reasonableness test auditors compare their estimates of account balances with those recorded by management. Analytical procedures must be applied in the planning stages of each audit, according to auditing standards. After reviewing the data from 2010 – 2011 you noticed that all the accounts increase, expect for the both â€Å"Days† account, which decreased and the â€Å"market price for Copper Rod† which reminded the same. This information can raise a few questions for Laramie Company. For example, Sales increased by 4% from year 2010 to 2011 , while that same time span the Days Sales in Receivables increased by 16% ((55. 8-47. 9)/47. 9))*100. Why aren’t these numbers closer in change? What did the company change about the policies on collecting their money, if any? Another flag that can be thrown and raise question is about the inventory. Even though the price of the plastic decreased and the inventory increased, we have to make sure It’s the right balance. Is the new price of inventory at the correct price and is the account receivables correct as well? What system are they using to create these fugues? The examples I provide for analytical procedures are risk that can happen with the existence and valuation with management assertions. For existence you have to ask, â€Å"Did this really happen and are the valid on the balance sheet? Valuation assertion is the issue of each of Individual Inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable accounts have the correct values and are not over/under stated. Existence and valuation assertions are the biggest concern with the Inventory. The Increases are mostly In finished good and copper rod Inventories. The plastics Inventory appears to be understated do to the change from 2010 to 2011 (. 190 to . 130). This drop In the market price should attract attention during the audit from the auditors. The Inventory turnover (Sales/ Inventory) decreased from went from 4. 7% to 3. 0% from 2010 to 2011. These ratios point to potential concerns relating to the valuation and existence assertions. This comparison points to a possible concern relating to the valuation assertion. Lastly, the Inventory seems to be too big for the space that they are providing for It. Case 8. 1 Laramie By Subjugating the inventory increased, we have to make sure it’s the right balance. Is the new price is the issue of each of individual inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts Existence and valuation assertions are the biggest concern with the inventory. The increases are mostly in finished good and copper rod inventories. The plastics inventory appears to be understated do to the change from 2010 to 2011 (. 190 to . 130). This drop in the market price should attract attention during the audit from the auditors. The inventory turnover (Sales/ Inventory) decreased from went from 4. 7% to relating to the valuation assertion. Lastly, the inventory seems to be too big for the space that they are providing for it. How to cite Case Laramie, Papers

Relationship Between Efficiency Wage Theory and Performance

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Efficiency Wage Theory and Performance. Answer: Introduction The paper examines the relationship between efficiency pay and performance and provide solutions that should be adopted by Australia to solve wage problems. The study focuses on the efficiency wages as well as the subjective performance in order to motivate workers in Australian labor market setting (Agell Bennmarker, 2007). The paper deeply reveals how turnover cost can be used to determine the optimal wage contract which in most cases is the integration of subjective performance and efficiency wages. According to various studies examined, it is quite evident that when Australian labor market is experiencing high turnover costs they tend to use more subjective pay as well as less efficiency wages. When the Australian market is experiencing such turnovers wage payment is always lower and employment equilibrium rises higher than normal. The paper is organized into two parts in which part one of the content describes efficiency wage theories and various models making it up. It further lay strong foundations on the theory implications of the theory and its models in labor market (Agell Lundborg, 2013). The second part of the discussion analyses various empirical evidence and end with a conclusion drawn efficiency wage models and sub models. Efficiency wage theory The efficiency wage theory according to various sources indicates that the productivity of an employee in every organization is directly dependent on the provided wages. The theory further elucidates some mechanisms which provide elaborations on the relationship between efficiency wage and performance. Efficiency wage theory also provides various mechanisms known as models which explain the dependence of wages and performance. Efficiency wage theory therefore from the explanations maintains that firms in Australia should pay their employees a wage that is above normal rate prevailing in the labor market. According to the economic literature, the theory only applies in a market clearing wage where labor supply is at the normal rate with labor demand. In such market as revealed by various economists, labor supply proceeding the normal rate leads to unemployment while excess labor demand by firms leads to labor insufficiency. According to normal economics a clearing market is at an equilibrium with natural unemployment. Since the market is at equilibrium firm owners and managers therefore apply efficiency wage theory in order to increases performance or labor productivity (Akerlof Yellen, 2016). Application of efficiency wage theory as already mentioned in the introduction above increases worker productivity and reduces turnover. The main idea behind efficiency wage is to increase labor productivity. The idea can be confirmed with the application of basic economics as discussed during the lessons. The relationship between efficiency wage and performance can be justified in a simple supply demand curve. As normal demand supply curve illustrates higher supply at higher prices so as the higher the wage the higher the productivity of an employee (Campbell Kamlani, 2007). In a normal life situation, an employee of a given organization will always tend to put on more effort at higher compensation. For instance, a worker being paid a higher wage rate will work longer hours compared to a worker being paid at the normal labor market prices. A worker which is being given a compensation higher than the normal will also put more effort and worker harder. On the other hand, an employee being given less payments will tend to work as per the pay (Campbell Kamlani, 2007). The graph below illustrates the idea behind the higher you work the higher one gets paid. The graph has organized inform of a labor supply curve to indicate how efficiency wage relates to performance. The x axis indicates labor in hours while the Y axis indicates wage offered. The above graph indicates the effect of price increase on the willingness an employee is willing to work. With an increase of the wage from the minimum wage of $100 to $200 for every five hours of work done, an employee is willing to add extra three hours due to the increase in the pay. It is therefore evident from the above with higher compensation a worker will work harder therefore justifying the efficiency wage theory of the higher the wage the higher the productivity or performance Efficiency wage theory models The efficiency wage models give an assertion that labor productivity of employees in any given firm correlates positively with the amount of compensation they receive. This model can be explained through various theories or sub models. These theories give reasons as to why firms in Australia should continue applying the idea of efficiency wage. The first model explaining the reason why Australian firms should adopt efficiency wage theory is the shirking model. The theory of shirking models states that when an employee is being given a wage above the normal wage he or she becomes afraid of losing the job to another person since the cost of losing a job at higher wages is high. Workers therefore at higher compensations do not shirk and risk being relieved of their duties. Higher wages as a result of acts as an incentive in this case. Another reason why firms are advised to apply the theory of efficiency wage can be seen through the model known as the gift exchange model. In most of the occasions workers tend to view high wages as a gift from the employer firms. With this kind of perception, a higher percentage of workers show hard work as way of returning this gift to the employers. It is therefore clear that in the process of retuning the gift to the employers, the workers rate of performance increases. Workers will also work hard when they perceive their employer as fair. When employees are paid above the normal Australian job market pay rate they tend to view higher payment in terms of fairness therefore working harder. On the other hand, when workers are paid wages under the amount they view to be fair they will the same apply less efforts at work. This model is known as fair wage effort mode relating efficiency wage performance with fairness and performance. The relationship between efficiency wage and labor performance can also be explained through a turnover model as already mentioned (Krueger Summers, 2008). The turnover models explain that if efficiency wage theory is adopted in Australia firms will be saved from the cost of training new workers every time. This is because if workers are paid high wages there are low chances of employees leaving one firm to another or quitting their jobs thus no need for new workers as already employed workers maintain their jobs. Adverse selection model is another model supporting the theory of efficiency wage. This model states that when employees are compensated with a wage thats is above the prevailing job market equilibrium wage, attention of more workers are drawn towards the firm. In other word this theory explains that efficiency wages attract diverse skills enabling the firm to select workers from available bigger pool (Nickell, 2009). This always happens when more diverse workers are drawn to the gates of the well-paying firm. The firm therefore enjoy the advantage of selecting bets workers from the bigger labor pool. It is therefore important for firms in Australia to employ efficiency wage to enjoy better performance and high labor productivity. On the other hand, application of efficiency wage may result into several implications and consequences. Even though the efficiency wage theory has proved to have several advantages, it can also be viewed in another perspective (Layard, Nickell, Jackman, 2015). According to a research conducted on New York City taxi drivers, it was noticed that most of them left job after the payment. This kind of behavior indicates the disadvantage of efficiency wage theory. Drawing illustrations from the taxi drivers research in New York, it is evident that some employees may not show hard work after higher pay. Another implication of efficiency wage theory may be seen where the rate of cost of production does not much the profit. In a case where a firm is paying wages that is higher than the economic equilibrium (Wadhwani Wall, 2011). The higher payment is only worthy when the magnitude of employees productivity matches or actually higher than the cost of production. Another consequence of efficiency wage to the Australian economy may be unemployment. Application of efficiency wage always results into large labor queues at the gates of high paying firms resulting into involuntary unemployment (Nickell, 2009). Irrespective of many people looking for jobs as a result of high payment, firms tend to limit the number of employs in order to avoid accelerating cost of production. Efficiency wage therefore results into unemployment as mentioned since firms conduct rationing of employees in order to ensure that marginal cost of production is similar or higher that the productivity marginal. Part Two Empirical Evidence Various studies have been conducted concerning efficiency wage where some criticize the theory while others support it. The main problem of efficiency wage theory is mostly as a result of methodologies or alternative models used. There are several factors which play major roles as variables in the theory models which does not make sense. It close to impossible measuring abstract notions such as fairness and gratitude. Other factors which cannot be measured in the efficiency wage models includes effort as well as asymmetry information (Wadhwani, Wall, 2011). A lot of information concerning performance can be explained by other models better compared efficiency wage theory. The study conducted by various writers suggest the relevancy and effectiveness various models or theories used to explain efficiency theory. According to various studies, these models may have a different meaning in the real world. These discussions in the current study have been linked to above discussed models in relations to efficiency theory. Shirking model in real world situation The study conducted by George Borjas in support of shirking model conducted in a manufacturing industry in the United States of America can be criticized in the real world. The study indicated that some workers were laid off as a result of shirking. He indicated in his studies that the dismissal of workers from the company was as disciplinary action since they dismissed workers were shirking (Campbell Kamlani, 2007). In contrary to the study of George, other studies like that of Polachek and Siebet justify that most firms are reluctant firing shirking workers. Gift exchange model According to the study of Agell and Lunborg which gives assertion that efforts related to work hinges on a higher rate compared to several firms ability lay lethal economic related penalties. The idea behind this study was supported by several readers who responded to Campbell and Kamanis study (Akerlof Yellen, 2016). The model therefore cannot be justified in the normal world situation and does not explain psychological integration between managers of firms and workers. Most of the respondents to the study of Campbell study suggested that most relevant gift to employers than wages is the adverse labor selection. It is difficult in the normal world for employers to incur extra cost on wages as motivation as it may bring complications with the workers unions. The turnover model in relation to real world situation In the real world situation, employers always deduct training cost from employees compensation after they are employed (Agell Lundborg, 2013). Therefore, most of the employers will tend not lay much concern on training cost. Both literatures from the studies of Campbell and Kamlani as well as that of Agell and Lundborg provides the confirmation that most employers retain their employees based on human capital rather than training cost. Fair wage effort theory Most of the workers in the real world always view cuts laid on the salaries as unfair but not the less wage they receive. Drawing illustration from C-K it is justifiable that cut on salaries means a lot unfairness than low wages (Agell, Bennmarker, 2007). Moreover, it is unfair for employers to give more wages compared to labor output. Viewing the situation in another perspective, the study done by Lundborg and Agell substantiate the idea of fairness in relation to firms. Conclusion It evident from the part to of the study that most studies lay support on efficiency wage theory application. They also tend to pin point various unclear ideas behind efficiency wage theory in relation to performance. Furthermore, various sub-models indicates various problems as most of the variables cannot be closely observed. It is therefore evident that efficiency wage theory is polycausal rather than monocausal compared to unionization. It is therefore clear that in most cases the models cannot explain the relationship between wage and performance. Drawing conclusions from the current study the Australian state policies makers should closely view the implications and consequences of efficiency wage theory. Efficiency theory models and hypotheses can be considered to be non-satisfactory since several variables used are not observable thus policy makers should not bank in the theory. References Agell, J., Bennmarker, H. (2007). Wage incentives and wage rigidity: A representative view from within. labour economics, 14(3), 347-369. Agell, J., Lundborg, P. (2013). Survey evidence on wage rigidity and unemployment: Sweden in the 1990s. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105(1), 15-30. Akerlof, G. A., Yellen, J. L. (2016). Efficiency wage models of the labor market. Cambridge University Press. Campbell, C. M., Kamlani, K. S. (2007). The reasons for wage rigidity: evidence from a survey of firms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(3), 759-789. Clark, A. E., Oswald, A. J. (2006). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of public economics, 61(3), 359-381. Fehr, E., Tyran, J. R. (2007). Money illusion and coordination failure. Games and Economic Behavior, 58(2), 246-268. Krueger, A. B., Summers, L. H. (2008). Efficiency wages and the inter-industry wage structure. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 259-293. Layard, P. R. G., Nickell, S. J., Jackman, R. (2015). Unemployment: macroeconomic performance and the labour market. Oxford University Press on Demand. Nickell, S. (2009). Product markets and labour markets. Labour Economics, 6(1), 1-20. Wadhwani, S. B., Wall, M. (2011). A direct test of the efficiency wage model using UK micro-data. Oxford Economic Papers, 43(4), 529-548.