Minority Groups Ethnic Minorities - 890 Words

In a world where society is mostly driven by our faults, family can be a relative term that brings it all back down to earth. Since societies can be extremely divided at times, it is important to have a back bone and a community that understand your own values, customs, and practices. It has been said that â€Å"minority group† families, which in Canada or the United States, could be considered anyone who isn’t Caucasian, are less stable in form and function than families who are a part of the general societal â€Å"majority†. Throughout this essay, I would like to discuss how untrue this statement is. From racial and cultural differences, to relying on each other and to growing as a unit, it is evident that minorities can have an even stronger†¦show more content†¦Different cultures and practices require acceptance from each dominating ethnic groups, and this can be incredibly difficult to achieve. Growing up in the 90’s or earlier, it was partic ularly difficult to find classmates, or even friends who shared the same values as you. As time goes on, society opens up to various practices and accepts the fact that not everyone is the same. This leads to relying and confiding in those who are of the same minority groups. Since it can be difficult to meet people who are in the same ethnic minority, it forms a bond and sense of reliance on one another. These families have no one but each other, which proves that their relationship will be stronger, because their loyalty lies with each other. A Muslim family that must pray 5 times a day for religious purposes will feel more accepted and understood with those of their own religious group. In elementary school, I was the only Muslim until Grade 6. I did not learn to pray or share my values with anyone because no one would understand or even accommodate my needs. When the Muslim community began to expand, I noticed prayer groups being formed and students had a quiet area to meet their religious needs. I wonder how different I would be if thereShow MoreRelatedA Long History Of Unequal Treatment Among Ethnic Minority Groups Essay1872 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In the United States, there is a long history of unequal treatment among ethnic minority groups, particularly for African Americans. Unfortunately, this injustice also appears in education. Sociologists have affirmed the importance of education in shaping the economic and social prospects of individuals. As all communities in the United States have been diversified, it becomes crucial to recognize and properly deal with diversity within the classroom. All studnets should be guaranteedRead MorePatterns of Social and Ethnic Residential Segregation Among Social Groups Ethnic Minorities1001 Words   |  5 PagesPATTERNS OF SOCIAL AND ETHNIC RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AMONG SOCIAL GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES Residential segregation can be explained as special appearance of social inequality, unequal distribution of social, ethnic, etc. groups. The spatial objective reflection of the complicated system of social relation can interpret the socio-economic structure of the city, and the allocation of different social groups. Appears in space in segregation curve where higher and lower social classes are much differentRead MoreLiving in a multicultural society takes time1547 Words   |  7 Pages‘Living in a multicultural society takes time.’ To what extend is this illustrated by the challenge of multicultural societies in the UK? (40) A multicultural society is the status of several different ethnic, racial, religious or cultural groups coexisting in harmony in the same society. From the early 19th century people have immigrated to England, developing its diversity. During World War 2 polish and Jewish people immigrated to the UK to escape fascism. Also as the UK is part of the EuropeanRead MoreEssay about Changes in China’s Ethnic Minorities1275 Words   |  6 PagesChina is a Han-dominant multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural nation. China’s present government recognizes 56 official ethnic groups. Han is the majority group. The rest of the 55 are minorities, which are eligible for special policies such as subsidies for certain food, special consideration in national college entrance exams, and much more lenient birth control policies. According to the latest state census in 2010, 91.51% of the population was of the Han nationality, down slightlyRead MoreIn what ways does ones race/ethnicity shape ones life-chances in contemporary society?1710 Words   |  7 Pageswe are and where we come from. What race or ethnic group we belong to determines our life chances in contemporary society. Ethnicity is the cultural background of a group of people who share a belief in common ancestry. According to Max Weber, ethnic groups are formed by colonisation and immigration. Ethnicity is something we all have but in Australia and in many parts of the world, ethnicity is often applied on minority groups to highlight dominant groups of people on the bases of physical appearanceRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care For Minorities917 Words   |  4 Pagesin medicine leads to worse care for minorities is an article from U.S News world report on the website http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2016-02-1 1/racial-bias-in-medicine-leads-to-worse-care-for-minorities. In this article, the experience of a medical doctor is used to shed light on the subject of racial bias/ discrimination in health care and how it is affecting health outcome of racial and ethnic minority. â€Å"Race or ethnic group is a major social factor that influencesRead MoreUnit 3 Citizenship, Diversity and the Public Services1510 Words   |  7 PagesDerbyshire and give them an interest and give them some inspiration to change their lifestyle for the better. However this project is not just for young people who are getting into trouble with the law, Steve also encourages family, social and school groups from any social-economic to participate in this great scheme. For these people of society this project offers a boxing style fitness session with circuit training and additional motivation from Steve, to develop overall fitness, self discipline andRead MoreEthnic and Racial Inequalities in the Justice System Essay556 Words   |  3 PagesEthnic and Racial Inequalities in the Justice System There are many ethnic differences in each stage of the justice system. In order to be able to prove these it is important to break the system down, and evaluate it bit by bit, showing the possible signs of ethnic differences. Firstly Policing, Philips and Bowling (2007) have noted that in the 1970’s there have been many accusations of oppressive policing if minority ethnic communities. These have included mass stop and search operationsRead MoreRace And Ethnicity Searches For Equality1232 Words   |  5 Pagesall racial and ethnic groups though we find that inequality is still a common issue. Racial and ethnic groups are expanding and outnumbering the dominant force, however, minority groups still have no rule against the dominant force. A minority is a subordinate group whose members have remarkably less control or power over the dominant force.(pg.4) Groups are ranked by pinpointing unique features of an individual in order to define them within a specific bracket. For example, a minority or subordinateRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action Discriminates against Asians1146 Words   |  5 Pagespast. It is a set of procedures intended to eliminate the discrimination of an applicant based on their ethnic origin. President John F. Kennedy first introduced the concept â€Å"broadly across the United States with his Executive Order number 10925† and â€Å"in 1978 the Supreme Court ruled that race could be used as an admission standard† (Wilcher). The utilization of race is a â€Å"plus factor† for minority races but it has developed into a disadvantage for Asian-American students who demonstrate academic excellence

The Great Recession And Financial Crisis - 1865 Words

The Great Recession or Financial crisis started in late 2006 beginning of 2007 when the subprime mortgages in the united states started to exhibit at a growing rate of mortgage defaults. Which led, in late 2006, to a decline in US housing market after exponentially higher growth. Many homeowners witnessed how the assets, (main source) devalue. By mid 2007, the housing market started showing an unusual default on home loans. By 2008, the U.S. witnesses and live the worst financial recession since the end of WWII. In 2008, a number of Banks, Financial Institutions and Non-Financial institutions failures sparked Financial Crisis or as some economist call â€Å"The Great Recession† that efficiently froze the entire world Financial institutions,†¦show more content†¦The Financial crisis has its roots in real estate and the famous sub-prime lending crisis. In 1990, during president Bill Clinton administration, Commercial banks and residential properties witnessed their values increase for almost a decade. Increases in the house market coincide with the lowering of interest rate and lending standards to unqualified borrowers accepting them to take out mortgages whereas at the same time the government deregulations mixed the lines between traditional financial institutions and mortgages lenders. The real estate loans were distributing through out the financial Banking system in the shape of CDOs and other complex derivatives in order to scatter or spread the risk; however, when home values stopped to rise and homeowners flopped to keep up with their payments and banks were forced to foreclosure their homes. The financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 may well be called the financial engineering and corporate authority gone wild. The birth of the financial crisis can be draw back to the property asset bubble in the US between 1997 and 2006. This financial bubble was enabled by a badly regulated subprime mortgage industry and the assumption that property prices would continue to

Case Laramie Free Essays

The Laramie account is a big account. It is a big account because this is the first time they are having a full-scale audit of their financial statements and they are planning to go public and become an initial public offering (PIP). Since this is our first time this is happening we have to very careful with the analytical procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Laramie or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analytical procedures are reasonableness test auditors compare their estimates of account balances with those recorded by management. Analytical procedures must be applied in the planning stages of each audit, according to auditing standards. After reviewing the data from 2010 – 2011 you noticed that all the accounts increase, expect for the both â€Å"Days† account, which decreased and the â€Å"market price for Copper Rod† which reminded the same. This information can raise a few questions for Laramie Company. For example, Sales increased by 4% from year 2010 to 2011 , while that same time span the Days Sales in Receivables increased by 16% ((55. 8-47. 9)/47. 9))*100. Why aren’t these numbers closer in change? What did the company change about the policies on collecting their money, if any? Another flag that can be thrown and raise question is about the inventory. Even though the price of the plastic decreased and the inventory increased, we have to make sure It’s the right balance. Is the new price of inventory at the correct price and is the account receivables correct as well? What system are they using to create these fugues? The examples I provide for analytical procedures are risk that can happen with the existence and valuation with management assertions. For existence you have to ask, â€Å"Did this really happen and are the valid on the balance sheet? Valuation assertion is the issue of each of Individual Inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable accounts have the correct values and are not over/under stated. Existence and valuation assertions are the biggest concern with the Inventory. The Increases are mostly In finished good and copper rod Inventories. The plastics Inventory appears to be understated do to the change from 2010 to 2011 (. 190 to . 130). This drop In the market price should attract attention during the audit from the auditors. The Inventory turnover (Sales/ Inventory) decreased from went from 4. 7% to 3. 0% from 2010 to 2011. These ratios point to potential concerns relating to the valuation and existence assertions. This comparison points to a possible concern relating to the valuation assertion. Lastly, the Inventory seems to be too big for the space that they are providing for It. Case 8. 1 Laramie By Subjugating the inventory increased, we have to make sure it’s the right balance. Is the new price is the issue of each of individual inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts Existence and valuation assertions are the biggest concern with the inventory. The increases are mostly in finished good and copper rod inventories. The plastics inventory appears to be understated do to the change from 2010 to 2011 (. 190 to . 130). This drop in the market price should attract attention during the audit from the auditors. The inventory turnover (Sales/ Inventory) decreased from went from 4. 7% to relating to the valuation assertion. Lastly, the inventory seems to be too big for the space that they are providing for it. How to cite Case Laramie, Papers

Relationship Between Efficiency Wage Theory and Performance

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Efficiency Wage Theory and Performance. Answer: Introduction The paper examines the relationship between efficiency pay and performance and provide solutions that should be adopted by Australia to solve wage problems. The study focuses on the efficiency wages as well as the subjective performance in order to motivate workers in Australian labor market setting (Agell Bennmarker, 2007). The paper deeply reveals how turnover cost can be used to determine the optimal wage contract which in most cases is the integration of subjective performance and efficiency wages. According to various studies examined, it is quite evident that when Australian labor market is experiencing high turnover costs they tend to use more subjective pay as well as less efficiency wages. When the Australian market is experiencing such turnovers wage payment is always lower and employment equilibrium rises higher than normal. The paper is organized into two parts in which part one of the content describes efficiency wage theories and various models making it up. It further lay strong foundations on the theory implications of the theory and its models in labor market (Agell Lundborg, 2013). The second part of the discussion analyses various empirical evidence and end with a conclusion drawn efficiency wage models and sub models. Efficiency wage theory The efficiency wage theory according to various sources indicates that the productivity of an employee in every organization is directly dependent on the provided wages. The theory further elucidates some mechanisms which provide elaborations on the relationship between efficiency wage and performance. Efficiency wage theory also provides various mechanisms known as models which explain the dependence of wages and performance. Efficiency wage theory therefore from the explanations maintains that firms in Australia should pay their employees a wage that is above normal rate prevailing in the labor market. According to the economic literature, the theory only applies in a market clearing wage where labor supply is at the normal rate with labor demand. In such market as revealed by various economists, labor supply proceeding the normal rate leads to unemployment while excess labor demand by firms leads to labor insufficiency. According to normal economics a clearing market is at an equilibrium with natural unemployment. Since the market is at equilibrium firm owners and managers therefore apply efficiency wage theory in order to increases performance or labor productivity (Akerlof Yellen, 2016). Application of efficiency wage theory as already mentioned in the introduction above increases worker productivity and reduces turnover. The main idea behind efficiency wage is to increase labor productivity. The idea can be confirmed with the application of basic economics as discussed during the lessons. The relationship between efficiency wage and performance can be justified in a simple supply demand curve. As normal demand supply curve illustrates higher supply at higher prices so as the higher the wage the higher the productivity of an employee (Campbell Kamlani, 2007). In a normal life situation, an employee of a given organization will always tend to put on more effort at higher compensation. For instance, a worker being paid a higher wage rate will work longer hours compared to a worker being paid at the normal labor market prices. A worker which is being given a compensation higher than the normal will also put more effort and worker harder. On the other hand, an employee being given less payments will tend to work as per the pay (Campbell Kamlani, 2007). The graph below illustrates the idea behind the higher you work the higher one gets paid. The graph has organized inform of a labor supply curve to indicate how efficiency wage relates to performance. The x axis indicates labor in hours while the Y axis indicates wage offered. The above graph indicates the effect of price increase on the willingness an employee is willing to work. With an increase of the wage from the minimum wage of $100 to $200 for every five hours of work done, an employee is willing to add extra three hours due to the increase in the pay. It is therefore evident from the above with higher compensation a worker will work harder therefore justifying the efficiency wage theory of the higher the wage the higher the productivity or performance Efficiency wage theory models The efficiency wage models give an assertion that labor productivity of employees in any given firm correlates positively with the amount of compensation they receive. This model can be explained through various theories or sub models. These theories give reasons as to why firms in Australia should continue applying the idea of efficiency wage. The first model explaining the reason why Australian firms should adopt efficiency wage theory is the shirking model. The theory of shirking models states that when an employee is being given a wage above the normal wage he or she becomes afraid of losing the job to another person since the cost of losing a job at higher wages is high. Workers therefore at higher compensations do not shirk and risk being relieved of their duties. Higher wages as a result of acts as an incentive in this case. Another reason why firms are advised to apply the theory of efficiency wage can be seen through the model known as the gift exchange model. In most of the occasions workers tend to view high wages as a gift from the employer firms. With this kind of perception, a higher percentage of workers show hard work as way of returning this gift to the employers. It is therefore clear that in the process of retuning the gift to the employers, the workers rate of performance increases. Workers will also work hard when they perceive their employer as fair. When employees are paid above the normal Australian job market pay rate they tend to view higher payment in terms of fairness therefore working harder. On the other hand, when workers are paid wages under the amount they view to be fair they will the same apply less efforts at work. This model is known as fair wage effort mode relating efficiency wage performance with fairness and performance. The relationship between efficiency wage and labor performance can also be explained through a turnover model as already mentioned (Krueger Summers, 2008). The turnover models explain that if efficiency wage theory is adopted in Australia firms will be saved from the cost of training new workers every time. This is because if workers are paid high wages there are low chances of employees leaving one firm to another or quitting their jobs thus no need for new workers as already employed workers maintain their jobs. Adverse selection model is another model supporting the theory of efficiency wage. This model states that when employees are compensated with a wage thats is above the prevailing job market equilibrium wage, attention of more workers are drawn towards the firm. In other word this theory explains that efficiency wages attract diverse skills enabling the firm to select workers from available bigger pool (Nickell, 2009). This always happens when more diverse workers are drawn to the gates of the well-paying firm. The firm therefore enjoy the advantage of selecting bets workers from the bigger labor pool. It is therefore important for firms in Australia to employ efficiency wage to enjoy better performance and high labor productivity. On the other hand, application of efficiency wage may result into several implications and consequences. Even though the efficiency wage theory has proved to have several advantages, it can also be viewed in another perspective (Layard, Nickell, Jackman, 2015). According to a research conducted on New York City taxi drivers, it was noticed that most of them left job after the payment. This kind of behavior indicates the disadvantage of efficiency wage theory. Drawing illustrations from the taxi drivers research in New York, it is evident that some employees may not show hard work after higher pay. Another implication of efficiency wage theory may be seen where the rate of cost of production does not much the profit. In a case where a firm is paying wages that is higher than the economic equilibrium (Wadhwani Wall, 2011). The higher payment is only worthy when the magnitude of employees productivity matches or actually higher than the cost of production. Another consequence of efficiency wage to the Australian economy may be unemployment. Application of efficiency wage always results into large labor queues at the gates of high paying firms resulting into involuntary unemployment (Nickell, 2009). Irrespective of many people looking for jobs as a result of high payment, firms tend to limit the number of employs in order to avoid accelerating cost of production. Efficiency wage therefore results into unemployment as mentioned since firms conduct rationing of employees in order to ensure that marginal cost of production is similar or higher that the productivity marginal. Part Two Empirical Evidence Various studies have been conducted concerning efficiency wage where some criticize the theory while others support it. The main problem of efficiency wage theory is mostly as a result of methodologies or alternative models used. There are several factors which play major roles as variables in the theory models which does not make sense. It close to impossible measuring abstract notions such as fairness and gratitude. Other factors which cannot be measured in the efficiency wage models includes effort as well as asymmetry information (Wadhwani, Wall, 2011). A lot of information concerning performance can be explained by other models better compared efficiency wage theory. The study conducted by various writers suggest the relevancy and effectiveness various models or theories used to explain efficiency theory. According to various studies, these models may have a different meaning in the real world. These discussions in the current study have been linked to above discussed models in relations to efficiency theory. Shirking model in real world situation The study conducted by George Borjas in support of shirking model conducted in a manufacturing industry in the United States of America can be criticized in the real world. The study indicated that some workers were laid off as a result of shirking. He indicated in his studies that the dismissal of workers from the company was as disciplinary action since they dismissed workers were shirking (Campbell Kamlani, 2007). In contrary to the study of George, other studies like that of Polachek and Siebet justify that most firms are reluctant firing shirking workers. Gift exchange model According to the study of Agell and Lunborg which gives assertion that efforts related to work hinges on a higher rate compared to several firms ability lay lethal economic related penalties. The idea behind this study was supported by several readers who responded to Campbell and Kamanis study (Akerlof Yellen, 2016). The model therefore cannot be justified in the normal world situation and does not explain psychological integration between managers of firms and workers. Most of the respondents to the study of Campbell study suggested that most relevant gift to employers than wages is the adverse labor selection. It is difficult in the normal world for employers to incur extra cost on wages as motivation as it may bring complications with the workers unions. The turnover model in relation to real world situation In the real world situation, employers always deduct training cost from employees compensation after they are employed (Agell Lundborg, 2013). Therefore, most of the employers will tend not lay much concern on training cost. Both literatures from the studies of Campbell and Kamlani as well as that of Agell and Lundborg provides the confirmation that most employers retain their employees based on human capital rather than training cost. Fair wage effort theory Most of the workers in the real world always view cuts laid on the salaries as unfair but not the less wage they receive. Drawing illustration from C-K it is justifiable that cut on salaries means a lot unfairness than low wages (Agell, Bennmarker, 2007). Moreover, it is unfair for employers to give more wages compared to labor output. Viewing the situation in another perspective, the study done by Lundborg and Agell substantiate the idea of fairness in relation to firms. Conclusion It evident from the part to of the study that most studies lay support on efficiency wage theory application. They also tend to pin point various unclear ideas behind efficiency wage theory in relation to performance. Furthermore, various sub-models indicates various problems as most of the variables cannot be closely observed. It is therefore evident that efficiency wage theory is polycausal rather than monocausal compared to unionization. It is therefore clear that in most cases the models cannot explain the relationship between wage and performance. Drawing conclusions from the current study the Australian state policies makers should closely view the implications and consequences of efficiency wage theory. Efficiency theory models and hypotheses can be considered to be non-satisfactory since several variables used are not observable thus policy makers should not bank in the theory. References Agell, J., Bennmarker, H. (2007). Wage incentives and wage rigidity: A representative view from within. labour economics, 14(3), 347-369. Agell, J., Lundborg, P. (2013). Survey evidence on wage rigidity and unemployment: Sweden in the 1990s. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105(1), 15-30. Akerlof, G. A., Yellen, J. L. (2016). Efficiency wage models of the labor market. Cambridge University Press. Campbell, C. M., Kamlani, K. S. (2007). The reasons for wage rigidity: evidence from a survey of firms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(3), 759-789. Clark, A. E., Oswald, A. J. (2006). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of public economics, 61(3), 359-381. Fehr, E., Tyran, J. R. (2007). Money illusion and coordination failure. Games and Economic Behavior, 58(2), 246-268. Krueger, A. B., Summers, L. H. (2008). Efficiency wages and the inter-industry wage structure. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 259-293. Layard, P. R. G., Nickell, S. J., Jackman, R. (2015). Unemployment: macroeconomic performance and the labour market. Oxford University Press on Demand. Nickell, S. (2009). Product markets and labour markets. Labour Economics, 6(1), 1-20. Wadhwani, S. B., Wall, M. (2011). A direct test of the efficiency wage model using UK micro-data. Oxford Economic Papers, 43(4), 529-548.

The Northern Renaissance as Expressed On Canvas free essay sample

This paper discusses the rich art history that stemmed from the artistic renaissance in northern European countries. This paper takes a look at the notable masterpieces of the artistic Renaissance in Northern Europe. The author pays close attention to the new styles of the times, the use of oils, light and shadow, and how expressing inner emotions became more prevalent than outer appearances on the canvas. The author looks in particular at the portraits The Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck, and The Ambassadors by Holbein the Younger. While the Southern renaissance is better known, the countries of the north Germany, The Netherlands, France, and England? also enjoyed a rich artistic renaissance, though slightly delayed. Historians dispute reasons as to why this so. Some argue that for reasons such as the bubonic plague and economic depression, it took the Northern countries a longer time to emerge from the dark ages. Another argument is that Northern artists were simply more reluctant to switch from the Gothic style they used in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on The Northern Renaissance as Expressed On Canvas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In any case, European patrons and artists prized their work and they were praised for their talents in working with oils and their mastery of detail. Northern art managed to progress at a surprising pace despite its delays. The two paintings used as references in this portfolio, The Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck and The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein the Younger, stand as examples of this. With only 100 years difference between them, it is important to examine what accounts for the changes by comparing the paintings in areas of characterization, chiaroscuro, medium, and artistic symbolism. In this way, the differences between Early and Late Northern renaissance art can be clearly defined.

Free Essays on Gender Wage Gap

As the graduation approaches, most students prepare for the life in so called â€Å"real world†. They are searching for the job, with hope to find what they desire; well-paid job for which they are best qualified. It is assumed that degree of qualification affects the degree of pay, however there are other aspects that have as much effect on the amount earned. One of these aspects is gender. So, even in the year 2001, chances are that I as a female graduate will make less money than the next male graduate whose grade point average was considerably lower than mine. To this day wage gap in gender is present in Canada, but fortunately it is decreasing with time. Woman’s work has always been under appreciated and woman’s capability was hardly ever recognized. It wasn’t until the beginning of 1900s that women joined paid work forces. Ever since than, women have been fighting for equal wages. The average wage rate for female workers has been below that for male workers for as long as statistics have been recorded. â€Å"In 1930,on average women earned about 53% of what men earned in Canada† (Altman and Lamontagne 3). However, in recent years, female wages have been approximately equal to 3/4 of the level of male wages. No one seriously disputes the existence of a gender wage differential. The disagreement primarily focuses on the cause of the wage differential. Is it the result of gender discrimination? Or is it the result of differences in other characteristics that are correlated with gender? â€Å" A study by Jacob Mincer and Solomon Polachek indicates that much of the gender wage difference is the result of differences in educational attainment and work experience. Erica Groshen and others have found that most of the remaining gender wage differential can be explained by differences in occupational choice† (Mackie 259). â€Å"Thus, the empirical evidence indicates that most (or all) of the male-female wage differential is due to g... Free Essays on Gender Wage Gap Free Essays on Gender Wage Gap As the graduation approaches, most students prepare for the life in so called â€Å"real world†. They are searching for the job, with hope to find what they desire; well-paid job for which they are best qualified. It is assumed that degree of qualification affects the degree of pay, however there are other aspects that have as much effect on the amount earned. One of these aspects is gender. So, even in the year 2001, chances are that I as a female graduate will make less money than the next male graduate whose grade point average was considerably lower than mine. To this day wage gap in gender is present in Canada, but fortunately it is decreasing with time. Woman’s work has always been under appreciated and woman’s capability was hardly ever recognized. It wasn’t until the beginning of 1900s that women joined paid work forces. Ever since than, women have been fighting for equal wages. The average wage rate for female workers has been below that for male workers for as long as statistics have been recorded. â€Å"In 1930,on average women earned about 53% of what men earned in Canada† (Altman and Lamontagne 3). However, in recent years, female wages have been approximately equal to 3/4 of the level of male wages. No one seriously disputes the existence of a gender wage differential. The disagreement primarily focuses on the cause of the wage differential. Is it the result of gender discrimination? Or is it the result of differences in other characteristics that are correlated with gender? â€Å" A study by Jacob Mincer and Solomon Polachek indicates that much of the gender wage difference is the result of differences in educational attainment and work experience. Erica Groshen and others have found that most of the remaining gender wage differential can be explained by differences in occupational choice† (Mackie 259). â€Å"Thus, the empirical evidence indicates that most (or all) of the male-female wage differential is due to g...

Energy Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Energy Conservation - Essay Example Use of fossil fuel to generate electricity is the largest contributor of carbon emission (Shorrock & Dunster, 2008 p.134). In property industries across the United Kingdom, emissions of carbon are due to different household chores such as, lighting, cooling, heating homes during winter and use of machines especially those that could be powered by electricity. In industries, carbon could be emitted through activities such as mining, manufacturing and construction. For example, the chemical industries, food industries, paper and mineral production, petroleum refining and primary metal production. These industries consume energy in vast quantities (Terry 2011, p.23). The United Kingdom is committed in reducing its carbon emission, and it has taken a number of steps in order to ensure that it keeps up with the fight against carbon emissions. The main ones include: Carbon Budget, CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme and Climate Change agreements. Carbon Budget would be established to curb green h ouse gas emission for a given period in the United Kingdom; the government would be committed in cutting the discharge by 80% by 2050. The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme would be aimed at cutting emissions and achieving energy efficiency in the United Kingdom. The Climate Change Agreements entails conventions of the government with the energy intensive industries. Other strategies that the government has established to reduce emission of green house gases such as carbon emission include; carbon capture and storage, carbon offsetting, carbon valuation, carbon neutrality, climate change levy, climate change policy and regulations and European Union emission trading scheme (Miller 2008, p.150). Application of Issues to Property and Construction Industries Energy conservation should be enhanced in different areas where carbon could be extremely emitted. The greatest carbon emitted, could be due to burning of fossil fuel to generate electricity. Electricity in the United Kingdom could be c ommonly used in industries, construction, residential as well as transportation sector (Ellerman 2010, p.30). Conservation of Energy in Property Energy consumed in homes should be conserved for sustainability. This entails efficiency use of energy in a manner that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. This need may comprise of using energy for lighting, heating homes, cooling and use of appliance especially those powered by electricity (Cline 2002 p.76). Energy could be used for heating homes especially during winter and cooling during summer. In United Kingdom, energy conservation could be enhanced by the establishment of Energy Saving Trust. Its mandate is to examine tips and advice on how one can reduce the energy bills as well check reduced carbon emission to the atmosphere. It also provides guidance on products that meets the criterion of energy efficiency and add label for easy access during shopping (Lern er, 2008 p.32). a) Heating On heating and hot water in homes, the trust provides tips to for energy efficiency use such as understanding the heating system. The UK governments have ensured that all homes use electric storage heater or the boiler and radiator. The electric storage heater could be discouraged due to its deep emission of carbon. It heats up water during at night when electricity is off-peak and at lower cost. Use of central heating could be highly regarded by the UK government

WAN, Architecture Overview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

WAN, Architecture Overview - Research Paper Example regard, this proposal aims at coming with up a clear description of the different types WAN connections that can be integrated into an organization (DiMarzio, 2001). The term WAN (Wide Area Network) refers to a large-scale internet connection that exists over a huge geographical terrain and typically connects two or more Local Area Networks. It is usually made up of a significant number of interconnected devices such as hubs, multiport switches, routers and satellite dishes (DiMarzio, 2001). One of the key needs of the WAN architecture to an organization is to provide faster access to files. Most organizations face the challenge of having to reload files. This is usually experienced in slow network connection situations (Meyers, 2004). Consequently, this affects the ability of the organization to succeed in meeting its set out business goals. However, with the WAN it becomes easier to enjoy speedy access to organizational data (DiMarzio, 2001). The WAN architecture is also of great need particularly in effective management of remote organization offices. That is, the WAN provides an efficient platform for managing and sharing of data between multiple office locations. To be precise, adoption of WAN solutions maximize the organizational network speed between remote business offices and accelerates file transfer (Karris, 2009). Another indispensable need of the WAN architecture is the ability to reach the global customer base. With an all-time internet access, it facilitates maximal access to the targeted global customer group. That is, it makes it easy to reach a wide customer set of customers, which is crucial in promoting business continuity. It thus plays a huge in increasing profits and meeting the set out business goals (DiMarzio, 2001). Communication is always a crucial need for effective business operations. In this sense, adoption of the WAN architecture technology acts a key need specifically in improving optimal performance of key business

Why living in the city is better than living on a farm Essay

Why living in the city is better than living on a farm - Essay Example lot more exposure to a harsh and cruel outside world than the farm, which cushions a man and does not let him interact with the atrocities of the modern world. Nonetheless, both these areas have their own advantages and disadvantages as discussed further. A man that grows up living in the city can see all the lights around him; he is exposed to the tumultuous expression of emotions, is able to meet all kinds of different people, is able to cater to different surroundings which include an environment outside the zone of his comfort level, and is able to mould himself with respect to the people and society that he lives in. Growing up on a farm is very much different than the city and does not provide as much experience or challenge to a man. A country life helps a man grow in a very agrarian and slow manner which helps him grow accustomed to a more traditional and conventional way of living and thinking. Technology has surely taken a modern turn on farms nowadays as well, however, that does not stop people from not being exposed to a lot more culture in cities than they do on farms. Taking for example, a man growing up in a city like New York as compared to one growing up on the soft farms of Alabama; The city will be able to provide many more opportunities in terms of career and education prospects and will help the man understand himself and discover himself while being in the company of a lot more interesting people and cultures. People growing up in the city are also subject to many more people migrating and coming in from abroad and thus are able to have a more worldly perspective on life. Furthermore, they are able to access new forms of communication, information and technology and thus are able to gain a better perception of everything around them and are able to adapt to newer situations in a much better manner than people belonging to farm areas. In conclusion, growing up in a city is much better than growing up on a farm mostly because of the kind of

Overview Segmenting B2c Markets Marketing Essay

Overview Segmenting B2c Markets Marketing Essay Over the years, the traditional face of marketing has changed. Whilst organisations recognize that they can no longer take their customers loyalty for granted, and need to adopt ongoing marketing strategies to stay ahead of their competitors (A general review, 2006, p. 23-25). Consequently, the target and strategy are crucial for a companys marketing. The company aims to bring a new brand of multivitamins called Supreme to the market. The product range includes Multivitamin and Iron, Multivitamin and minerals, Zinc, Cod Liver Oil, Effervescent Vitamin C, and Evening Primrose Oil. These different Multivitamins were identified through initial market research undertaking with the proposed target market. Indeed, it needs a detailed analysis for the segmentation and targeting process in order to reach the affluent end of the market. Therefore, it must be focus on the strategy such as segmentation, the differences between B2C and B2B for segmentation processes; the marketing phrase of targeting and how to make a segment and target market for the new range of products. Market segmentation is the process through, which consumers needs and desires, purchasing behaviour and buying habits are identified in order to divide the overall market for certain products into several consumer group market segments. Mass production, mass communication, technology, globalisation has helped create larger and lucrative potential markets. Organisations do not have the resources to or the inclination to be a single force within a loosely defined market (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.193). The whole market can be seen as an orange, each segment of the orange represents a different market based upon geographic, demographic, Geodemographic, psychographic and behavioural similarities. According to the geographical factors for consumers segmentation, is where the geographical position and geographical environment variables to segment the market. Because in different geographic environments customers may have different needs and preferences for the same kind of products. According to statistics, personality factors subdivision is by age, sex, occupation, family income, family, life cycle, race, religion, nationality, variables, thus the market will be divided into different groups. Additionally, geodemographic combines demographic and geographic information together to help organizations know where the customers are and how many people there are. And then, the psychological factors, groups consumers according to their life style, personality, purchasing motivation, attitude, on different variables subdivided into the different groups. At last, the behavioural factors subdivision is that according to the consumers to purchase or used a commodity of time, purchase quantity, purchase frequency and the brand loyalty variables to segment market. segmenting B2B markets Business to business (B2B) segmentation is focused on the organization and the individual buyers. Macro Segmentation is based on the characteristics of organisations and the broader purchasing contexts they operate within. It assumes organisations will exhibit similar patterns and needs, reflected by their same buying behaviour. Bases used for macro segmentation are easily obtained from secondary information and grouped into two main categories which are organisational characteristics and product or service application. There are three organisational characteristics which are size, location and usage rate. Generally, the size of an organisation can make a difference in suppliers and purchasing. Organisations may sell according to the geographic concentration of the industries to serve. Additionally, the quantity of product purchased can categorise the difference in potential customers. Product or service application is the second group of segmentation based on acknowledge that the sa me goods can be used in many different ways. Looking at customer groupings within specific industries defined by standard industrial classification (SIC) codes. The SIC codes help identify sectors with a greater propensity to use particular products for particular applications. For example, glass has many uses to the motor industry.furthermore, Micro segmentation within macro segment a number of smaller micro segments may exist (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.195).To focus on these, the organisation needs to have a detailed knowledge of individual members of the macro segment; while their management philosophy, decision-making structures, purchasing policies and strategies and their needs and wants. Much Information on these can come from published sources, past experience of potential buyer, sales force knowledge and experience, word-of-mouth, or the first hand from potential buyer. Overall, it has a number of ways to be able to segment business to business market to relate the n ature of product sold and the buying organisation. segmenting B2C markets In B2C (business to consumer) markets, there are five main categories of segmentation which are defined geographic, demographic, geodemographic, psychographic and behaviour based. Between them, they cover the full range of characteristics, such as descriptive, measurable, tangible or intangible, relating to the buyers lifestyle and the relationships with the product (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.220). Geographic segmentation, it can be defined as the location for the consumer and based on the regional variables like region, country, city, climate, population density, and traffic. Demographic segmentation variables include age, gender, race, income, family lifecycle, occupation, education, religion, socioeconomic and nationality. Many of these variables have standard categories for the consumers values. Geodemographic segmentation is based on the analysis of people by where they live (Sleight, 1997, p.16) and combines geographic and demographic information together. Psychographic segmentation involves intangible variable such as lifestyle, activities, attitude, interests, values and opinion of the potential customer. Behavioral segmentation is based on actual customer behavior or the individuals relationship with the products. Some variables include benefit sought, end use, usage rate, brand loyalty, buyer readiness, price sensitivity and occasions. All the relevant characteristics from these five categories are suit for the market to segment. 2.4 targeting The target market is identified through market segmentation organisations provide appropriate products and services to meet the needs of customer or several sub-markets. There are three types of targeting for marketing mix strategies which are undifferentiated strategy, differentiated strategy and concentrated strategy. Firstly, the undifferentiated strategy approach is the demanding of the three approaches that assume the whole market is one great homogeneous unit without differences individuals in the market. Secondly, the differentiated strategy contains the development of a number of individual marketing mixes, each of them serve the different segment (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.212). Finally, the concentrated strategy is the most focused approach and involves serving one specific segment. It can lead to detailed understanding of the target segments needs and wants. Discussion The differences between B2B and B2C on the segmentation The B2C markets have some similarities with B2B segmentation. However, the main distinction between both approaches is that a consumer purchases on emotion and a business purchases on logic, although they both selling a product or a service to the individual or groups, the marketing is difference for business to business (B2B) and business to consumer (B2C). The B2B market relies on very different sales strategies to be successful than the business to consumer market because the B2B sales market very relies on relationship selling and the sales can obtain in a longer term sales cycle than B2C(business to consumer) sales. The main difference is that consumer segments always much larger in terms of number of potential buyers. Consumer segmentation also bases on the buyers lifestyle and context because of most consumers purchases fulfill high-end needs rather than simply functional ones (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.197). Certainly, they also have the difference segmentation for their different marketing. By the previous analysis of B2B segmentation, its divided into macro and micro variables or bases. Macro segmentation is the whole market share common general characteristics which have three characteristics are size, location and usage rate; micro segments based on differences in specific buying characteristics. In contrast, in consumer markets, in other words, it is B2C market; five main categories of segmentation are defined as geographic, demographic, Geodemographic, psychographic and behaviour. Thus they can divide into different aspects to segment the B2C market. For example, age, according to the age level to segment the market because these different kinds of multivitamins for different age level have different efficacy. Such as children need iron and zinc, multivitamin and minerals for teens and young, effervescent vitamin C for middle and cod liver oil and evening primrose oil for elderly. In addition, the gender and education level as target. Like high school, college and university, on the different level of studying they need different nutrients to supplement. Furthermore, not the same level of income for the individuals also can decide the different markets. Such cod liver oil and evening primrose oil is much expensive than the other multivitamins. Additionally, ethnic or religious background also can act as a basis to segment a market. Like as some religions cannot consume cod. Moreover, the family life cycle also is a point to have the market. For example, newly married, married for 10 20 years, with or without children. Overall, they both have different property to have the way to segment the market they needed for B2C and B2B. At the end, all the multivitamins products will have the appropriate market in the small groups to sale because of the market have segmented different layer based on the market segmentation standards. segment the market for the new multivitamins It is suggested that two main strategies to segment and target the market for the new multivitamins. One is the brand strategy and another one is the pricing strategy. Firstly, As Ruvalcaba and Elkes (2008) suggest: we have to find a way to diverge from others, to differentiate your offering through your branding work so that the offering stands out as relevant and superior in value to a clear target market. The brand is to give owner produce value-added of intangible assets, it could be used to separate with other competitors products of name, terminology, symbols or design and their combination, value-added source from the products impression of consumer heart formed. Businesses that are at the top of consumers minds have a high market share. Consistent, creative advertising will get the business top of mind awareness (TOMA RESEARCH, 2010). Brand awareness refers to the strength of a brand presence of a brand in the memory of a consumer. Brand awareness can create a reason to buy as well as a basis for a customer relationship (Aaker McLoughlin, 2007). For example, according to the brand awareness and radiation region, the new products can be divided into areas brand, domestic brands and international brand thus the new products have the different market in the geographic area. For multivitamins, the key proposition of the supreme brand is healthy. The main elements of the proposition include the kinds of multivitamins that different populations needed and keep healthy. Moreover, supreme follows a strategy of product innovation, in order to achieve a long term objectives. It takes the form of timely new product launches to enable the brand to more closely meet the needs of different types of consumers in different areas. Secondly, pricing strategy is another popular strategy which utilize for marketing. The limited use of pricing as a strategic tool to gain and hold competitive advantage has created an opportunity for companies willing to redesign their competitive portfolios and go with unorthodox strategy mixes (Thompson Coe, 1997). Cutting price of the products can be considered as an easiest way to absorb the customers. Therefore, pricing control also can be used to segment the different suitable markets. For example, the actions for the new product market can be cutting down the price to open the new market for new products in order to make more consumer known about these products, like have a small gifts if buying a bottle of multivitamins, buying one more than getting another free one or special discount for different type of multivitamins that have different kinds of efficacy, in particular date are very popular in sales industry to obtain more benefit. These actions also can execute in the center of city or the town center to segment the market. The effect of cutting price may increase the quantity demanded, however, a major barrier to the use of value pricing has been the belief that industrial markets are largely inelastic, therefore, price will not be a major determinant of quantity demanded (Barney, 1991). The reason for that is for the company, it is difficult to find the exact right price that matches the expectations of customers. Besides, blindfolded cutting price will lead an unhealthy competition environment with competitors. The result of conflicting on sale  is all companies losing profits at the end. For short term, it could be suitable, acceptable and feasible, but for long term, for example, once the customers have get used to buy the product on a sale price, it is difficult to raise the price again. Then it is unacceptable, the risk is too high. The customers would not consider the price seriously again. Therefore, the pricing strategy is not suitable for long term. Focus on fits the two main criterions of a good marketing strategy. The key of marketing is value, which can be defined as a ratio between benefits and costs between the customer gets and the organizations gives. The suitability of target is obvious, no matter improves the brand awareness, the quantity of product or the price control to share the same purpose, which is to gain profit. It is the mission of marketing. All these two aspects help the supreme to reach the goal, thus brand positioning and price consideration is suitable. Although there are risks, such as investment in advertising and building sponsor relationship with other organisations will cost, it is deemed worth the risks. Overall, continual segmentation is vital to fully understand consumer needs and changing habits. This will help provide appropriate produces to satisfied their needs and wants. Conclusion Segmentation is the tool that enables supreme to identify different groups of customers and markets, and provide the best possible products to meet individual or groups requirements. It also brings a number of benefits to both the consumer and the organization. The new multivitamins market consists of different consumers with differing needs. Focusing on branding positioning is a comprehensive strategy for the new multivitamins products to achieve a successful marketing. Whereas, as a diversified product, it should use many ways and the marketing segment strategies to sale in order to get the profit. In other words, the multivitamins still needs to focus on the different segmenting market. Alluring more consumers and keeping the regular customers in main areas to build brand loyalty are the main missions at present. They are still the primary objects for multivitamins to make profit and sustain operation.

Psychological Assessment 1 Midterm Multiple Choice :: essays research papers

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. __D__ 1. Psychological tests a. pertain only to overt behavior. b. always have right or wrong answers. c. do not attempt to measure traits. d. measure characteristics of human behavior. __C__ 2. One's general potential, independent of prior learning, can best be described as a. achievement. b. aptitude. c. intelligence. d. ability. __D__ 3. Achievement, aptitude and intelligence can be encompassed by the term a. human potential. b. human traits. c. human personality. d. human ability. __B__ 4. The work of Weber and Fechner represent which foundation of psychological testing? a. individual differences b. psychophysical measurement c. survival of the fittest d. Darwinian evolution __B__ 5. A child's mental age a. cannot be determined independently of the child's chronological age. b. provides a measurement of a child's performance relative to other children of a particular age group. c. cannot be determined from a child's test score. d. can only be determined from large representative samples. __A__ 6. A major problem with the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet was that a. it assumed the answers were acceptable at face value. b. the normative sample was too small. c. it was difficult to administer. d. there were too few questions. __D__ 7. Factor analytic techniques were employed in the development of the a. MMPI. b. CPI. c. TAT. d. 16PF. __C__ 8. Which of the following scales would be used when the information is qualitative rather than quantitative? a. ordinal b. interval c. nominal d. ratio __C__ 9. In the Civil Rights Act of 1991, Section 106, a. within group norming was made legal. b. employers were prohibited from using test scores in hiring decisions. c. within group norming was made illegal. d. employers were prohibited from transforming test scores. __D__ 10. Each point on a scatter diagram represents a. the variance of a set of scores. b. the standard deviation of a set of scores. c. where an individual scored compared to the mean. d. where an individual scored on both x and y. __D__ 11. In a negative correlation, a. individuals tend to maintain the same or a similar relative performance. b. scores on one variable tell us nothing about scores on a second. c. individuals who score low on one variable tend to score low on a second. d. high scores on the x variable are associated with low scores on the y variable. __A?__ 12. Which of the following correlations represents the strongest relationship between two variables? a. .01 b. .85 c. .80 d. .50 __C__ 13. If the scores on X give us no information about the scores on Y, this indicates a. a positive correlation. b. a negative correlation. c. no correlation. d. a perfect correlation.

Evaluate the appropriateness of business information Essay

In this task I will be evaluating the appropriateness of business information used to make a strategic decision. In this part of the task I will be focusing on Tesco business. I will be talking about the importance in strategic decisions within Tesco and how they use the decisions for their business. Also I will be evaluating how the strategic decisions affect the financial performance of Tesco. Tesco Price Promise Website: Tesco uses the price checker to show customers that they are the cheapest supermarket out of the three leading supermarkets, Sainsbury’s, Morrisons and Asda. This is an important strategy for Tesco as they are able to gain customers as well as being competitors this leads to Tesco being able to make more profit compared to Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury’s. Tesco has given this facility to people so that they are able to see where they have saved money and what they have got cheaper. Tesco has mainly got the price checker facility for themselves and this would be so that they can see what they need to do to be able to gain more customers as they are able to see what there consumers like. Tesco’s provide information which is valid and up to date so that it is easy and fast for the customers to compare the prices of every product they buy. This strategy is used to create marketing plans which then leads on to the strategic decisions made for Tesco. This is done by using the information as part of their marketing plan which will gain customers and maintain their business. Tesco Price Promise Receipt: Tesco doesn’t only provide their customers with the facility to go home and check on the internet how much they are saving but they also give their customer the opportunity to check how much they have saved compared to Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury’s. This is done when they buy 10 or more items, they would automatically compare your final prices with the other supermarkets and give you two receipt of which one contains your main shopping list and prices and one says you have ‘ £ (something amount) off your next shop’ and this something amount is the amount of money you have saved in your shopping that same day. You are given two options at the bottom of the receipt which is where you can go to the customer service desk and get a voucher for the  amount you have shopped of using the code go onto online. Most importantly Tesco is giving the chance for you to do everything while shopping this is an advantage towards the customers as they would not want to go home and go through a long process whereas they can do it fast and much more easily. This increase profits the profit within the business as Tesco is providing you with products for cheaper and helping you. This also becomes more competitive against a rival as they have a way to increase customers and steal the customers there rivals have. This concludes to a positive financial performance as Tesco are gaining customers and earning a profit compared to other supermarkets. Tesco Club Card: Tesco has a club card facility, and this is a card which can be kept as a key ring as well as a card in your wallet. This allows you to gain points every time you shop at Tesco. This is also beneficial to Tesco as well because they are able to see what you have bought in your shopping basket and according to that they send you vouchers on your most bought items, allowing you to buy more. Also they give you vouchers so that you come back to Tesco as your shopping would be cheaper than it normally is, this attracts customers as they are saving money on their shop and this is what they want. This information Tesco is gaining helps them as they are able to achieve more customers so this increase the rival competitors and they are also gaining an increase in profit and customers due to the fact more people are shopping at Tesco and using the services they provide, this also means Tesco are able to develop even more. Tesco’s financial accounts from 2011-2012 The image above shows the financial highlights of Tesco within the world and the image on the right shows the financial highlights of Tesco in the UK. These figures reflect on the strategic decision as it would help Tesco to make future budgets and it also shows whether the services and facilities they have set up actually help make a profit for the business. Also it helps make long term decision like where they should expand next and how they would meet their aims. Also the price checker would has contributed to this as it has increased the amount of customers that shop at Tesco also it has shown people awareness of the Tesco business itself and this has increased the sales of Tesco which has been able to increase the sales revenue. Conclusion: Overall, I believe that Tesco has many strategies and these strategies help Tesco to make further decisions on what they will be doing as they would be aiming to increase profit, and become the better rivals. Tesco’s financial performance is getting better due to the better strategic decisions made within the company to increase profit and gain customers. Tesco uses the clever tools for them to be an effective company so that financial performances increase, which allows marketing plans to be made. This allows Tesco to create their strategic decisions, proving the information is appropriate.

Abuse can rewire kids brains essays

Abuse can rewire kids brains essays This article discusses the detrimental effects that abuse can have on a childs neurological activity. Children who are abused physically and psychologically show vehement neuronal excitation when observing pictures of angry faces. Children who are not victims of abuse do not experience such outrageous levels of neurological arousal when shown pictures of angry faces. Research conducted at the Child Emotion Research Laboratory suggests that the brains of abused are wired differently from those of kids who were not abused. Perhaps this is because the abused child develops a more acute set of survival skills. The brain is simply adapting (or more accurately, mal-adapting) to the childs environment. If the child is constantly being abused the brain is going to adapt itself to the abusers emotional patterns in order to maintain the childs well being. The brain becomes ultra sensitive to the abusers facial expressions to alert the child when danger is near. According to the article, howe ver, this increased activity can have negative effects on the abused childs development. The child becomes so sensitized to anger, which may cause he or she to perceive anger when it does not actually exist. The question that comes to my mind is this: Are playground bullies on bullies because they falsely perceive anger or some other threatening emotion simply because of at home abuse? I believe this article is trying to demonstrate that the environment plays a primary role in our brains overall development and functioning. Interestingly enough, when abused and non-abused children are shown fearful and happy faces their brain wave responses were quite similar. Only when the children were shown angry faces did the abused children have dramatically greater and longer lasting brain wave arousal. It makes sense that abused children have higher levels of brain stimulation when viewing angry ...

EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE Essays

EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE Essays NAME: CLASS : DBT 4A DATE SUBMITTED : 14 AUG 2015 EXPERIMENT 3:EMULSIFICATION AND DIGESTION OF LIPIDS BY BILE AND LIPASE (VIRTUAL) INTRODUCTION Lipase is a type of enzyme known as a hydrolase and is responsible for catalysing the hydrolysis of triglycerides (the substrate) into fatty acids and glycerol. It is referred to as a hydrolase because the reaction that it catalyses is a hydrolysis reaction in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones with the addition of water. Lipase is a subclass of the esterases. Lipases usually involves in the digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids in living organisms. Lipase is primarily produced in the pancreas, but is also in the mouth and stomach. Most people produce enough pancreatic lipase. But people with some disease such as cystic fibrosis and celiac disease may not have enough lipase to get the nutrition they need from food. As I had mentioned before, lipase catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydrolyzing the esters of fatty acids. Its function is important for the digestion and promoting absorption of fats in the intestines. Reaction of the lipase enzyme can be summarized as : Lipase Lipids Fatty acids + Glycerol This experiment was carried out to study the effect of temperature on rate of lipases activity of digesting fat into fatty acid and glycerol using a pH probe. The rate of lipases activity is the measure of how fast the lipase enzyme can catalyze the procedure of breaking down the lipid into triglyceride and fatty acids, causing the pH to decrease. Enzymes are sensitive to heat so does lipase. Lipase can be denatured by high temperature and extremes of pH. Both high temperature and extremes of pH change the bonds between amino acids in the enzyme, so changing its shape. This could stop the action of lipase. Addition of bile helps the action of lipase by promoting emulsification, allowing the lipid to mix more readily and reach the active sites of the enzyme more easily, speeding up the lipid digestion in the process. PROCEDURES 1. Laber three test tubes 1 - 3. 2. Using a graduated pipette, place 5ml of milk into each test tube. 3. Then pipette 7ml of sodium carbonate solution into each test tube. 4. Pipette 1ml of 3% bile salts solution into test tubes 2 and 3. 5. Using a pipette, add 1ml of phenolphthalein solution to each tube until the mixtures are bright pink. 6. With the graduated pipette, place 1ml of lipase into tubes 1 and 3. 7. Add boiled lipase in test tube 2. Lipase should be added into each tube at the same time. Shake the tubes well so that the contents would mix. 8. Record the time taken for the contents in each test tube to change color from pink to white. RESULTS Lipid Digestion Data Action of lipase on milk Tube All three tubes contain milk, sodium carbonate and phenolphthalein and:Time taken to change from pink to white 1Lipase onlySlow 2Boiled lipase and bile saltsNo changes 3Lipase and bile saltsFast DISCUSSION The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of temperature on the breakdown of lipid by the help of bile. Action of lipase on milk was tested using substances such sodium carbonate, an alkali, phenolphthalein which is an indicator and milk that contains fats. Test tube 1 is the control where only bile salt is not used. The result shows the actual time lipase takes to break down ordinary fats. Time taken for the test tube 1 to change color from pink to white is slower compared to others. This is because lipase breaks down the lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in a slower manner. Presence of fatty acids into the tube neutralised sodium carbonate and reduced the pH. So, the color of mixture in tube 1 is changed to white. Test tube 2 is used to show the denaturing effect of heat on lipase. High temperature destroyed the lipases structure, which in turn prevents its action. Boiled lipase was denatured due to the high temperature. This means that no fats are converted, e ven in the presence of bile salts. Thus, there is no changes in pH and the color of the mixture. Test tube 3 is a similar situation as occurs in our bodies. Lipase and bile

Database in an Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Database in an Organisation - Essay Example This study covers various aspects related to database systems in the BMI healthcare hospital located in the United Kingdom. An analysis of database applications shows that a database system is an integral part of any health care organization. The key functions of a database system are also determined which include recording the relevant data, processing of data, organizing the collected data, and assisting departments of an organization in the different business processes. The result of the study shows that an efficient database system plays a key role in the progress and development of BMI healthcare hospital. 1. Introduction Data or up to date information is of critical importance for any company or organization. It not only plays a key role in the success of an organization but also makes the organizations compete with other firms in a competitive environment. However, companies need to manage the data in an appropriate way in order to make a good use of it. Therefore, information technology professionals have developed database systems, which not only help the organizations manage the data properly but also make the organizational activities efficient and well organized. It is due to the utmost importance of database systems that almost every company or organization of the current business environment has implemented efficient database systems in order to manage data in an organized way. In this paper, we will discuss what database systems are and what role do they play in the success of an organization. 2. What is Database? Before going into the discussion related to databases and their uses in organizations, let us get a better understanding of what database actually is. Date, Kannan, and Swamynathan (2006, p. 6) state, â€Å"A database is basically a computerized record-keeping system†. Database is a record of important data or information, which an organization requires to run different business processes and activities. â€Å"A database can be limited to a single desktop computer or can be stored in large server machines, like the IBM Mainframe† (Satalkar, 2009). Database systems are not like spreadsheets. Some of the functions, which make database systems different from spreadsheets, include retrieval of records that match certain criteria, updating of records in bulk, cross-referencing records in different tables, and performing complex aggregate calculations (Chapple). Database systems help the employees retrieve some specific data from the records. Database systems also help the doctors prepare reports based on recorded data and assist them in performing complex calculations needed to analyze different case histories. 2.1 Types of Databases â€Å"Two of the most popular database systems used by web developers today are MySQL and Microsoft's MS SQL server† (Hobach, 2008). There are various types of databases depending on the structure of data. Some most common types of databases include flat model database , network model database, hierarchical model database, and relational model database. The most commonly used type of database is relational model database. â€Å"In a relational database, information is stored in tables (often called relations) which help organize and structure data† (Martin, 2010). Companies use relational model database not only to store data but also to retrieve it when needed. Data is stored in the form of tables and each record stored in the table can have many fields. Using relational model

BIOTECHNOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

BIOTECHNOLOGY - Essay Example Clinical trials are more than efficacy and safety; they are designed to provide information about different types of outcomes of the invention. Studies relating to pharmaceutical product are carried out in clinical trials to reveal what does the product does to the body. Pharmacokinetics studies are also done to determine the proper dosing, which can vary according to race, sex and metabolic differences. Pharmacodynamic studies are also used to examine the ability, safety and the clinical activity of the drug or device. Thus, clinical trials are significant, since it examines the interventions in details before it hits the market to common man. When the drug or any intervention is set for clinical trial, the experimentation stages are over. All the data regarding the invention are already been recorded, when it is set for clinical trial, it is to determine whether it can be utilized by humans or not. For example in case of any drug, the experiments relating to its origin, purification, its release etc, are already over when it hits the clinical trial. The study is also been carried in humans to determine the dosage, its side effects, after-effects etc. The safety and the effectiveness of the medication or device on a specific kind of patients are assessed. It is also assessed whether the new medication or device is more effective for the patient`s condition than the already used, standard medication or device. Thus, a clinical trail is not a set of experiments; it a set of both observational and interventional study. 3. What does safety really mean? [Hint: airplanes are relatively safe but every once in a while, an air plane will fall out of the sky. Does that mean we should ban airplane travel How is the safety of air travel any different than the safety of Vioxx or the safety of the drug-eluting stent?]. Drug safety has many implications on its use. In general practice

The New Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The New Terrorism - Essay Example This modern structure is in the forms of a network, eased by information technology, the modern personnel are amateurs, who in most case, collaborate in ad hoc or transitory groups, as well as the modern attitude an intensified willingness of causing mass casualties, maybe by using weapons of chemical, biological, nuclear or radiological (CBNR). Both network organizations, along with amateur participation have the perception that the "new terrorists" are no longer in need of state sponsorship compared to their predecessors thereby being extremely dangerous or at least extremely difficult in countering than its predecessor (Andrew & Kumar 2002, p.10). Terrorists have the capability and willingness of developing network king of organization for similar reasons as those of businesses. This is the necessitated by the information revolution, which lowers the cost of communication, thereby permitting organizations in pushing for functions out of a controlling hierarchical structure. Theref ore, organizations are capable of flattening out their pyramids of authority, while, at the same time, controlling and approaching a network form, a grouping of more or less independent, dispersed entities, connected by developed communications and maybe nothing more than a common reason. Motivating or forcing the shift from hierarchy to network happens to be the advantages acquired by an organization while transforming itself (Gutteridge 1986, p.35). It turns out to be more supple, adaptive, as well as resilient since each of its units is capable of sensing and reacting on its own in unfastened integration with the others. This increases the opportunities for the organization for learning, while making it extremely flexible, as well as adaptive. The organization turns out to be extremely resilient since if one or even a number of its constituent entities get destroyed, the others are persistent; therefore, a network, not like a hierarchy, is incapable of getting destroyed through d ecapitation. In terrorists’ case, there is a possibility that the loosely connected autonomous entities making up a network could be individuals, for instance Ramzi Yousef accredited for organizing the World Trade Center bombing. There is also a possibility that the entities framing terrorist networks could be large, formal, or hierarchical organizations thereby working altogether devoid of any common hierarchy or main commanding authority amongst them. No matter what the constituents of the network are, the absence of this innermost authority or control is what makes it a network. It is this characteristic giving networks their suppleness, adaptiveness, as well as resilience, permitting them gains over organizations such as the U.S. government, which seem to be hierarchical industrial-age relics (Hallstorm 2011, p.51). An ideal example of manifestation of this networking happens to be the propagation of the amateur terrorist, along with the ad hoc terrorist grouping. Amateur s collaborate with the like-minded in conducting a terrorist attack and eventually getting disbanded. They do not undergo training or other logistical backing from state-sponsors; rather depend on networks of supporters, studying what is necessary from publications or the Internet or dismissed soldiers.

Chinese Naturalism over Metaphysical Dualism Essay Example for Free

Chinese Naturalism over Metaphysical Dualism Essay Chinese metaphysics challenges the Greek paradigm of metaphysical dualism with naturalistic metaphysics. They argued that harmonious relationships in society and tolerance for change were the essentials of life, instead of the belief that you must separate your body and mind. Socrates and Plato laid out most of the foundation for Greek philosophy, but in Chinese metaphysics, Confucius and Laozi are the main front runners. Chinese metaphysics takes root in Confucius’s work, Analects. In this work he described the four central virtues: ren, yi, li, and zhi. These stand for co-humanity, appropriate conduct, ritual propriety, and wisdom, respectively. Not only do these establish the harmonious relationships that naturalistic metaphysics builds on, but they also establish a way of life that examines individuals based on their character. Yi even allows for shades of grey because it can differ in many situations; with it being context sensitive, the most correct response is what the individual should attain for. This is what leads an individual in developing character in their natural relationships. Laozi, the credited founder of Daoism, pioneered Chinese cosmology and acknowledged the â€Å"Dao† as the source and ideal of all existence. He believed that humans were manifestations of the Dao, and that immoral acts upset the natural balance of the Dao. He is often given credit for the Daodejing, translated to mean primodial, however scholars argue that there are multiple authors to the text. This text has a central concept named wu wei, which literally means â€Å"do nothing.† This explains harmony with the Dao, ziran. This leads Laozi to emphasize simplicity and humility, instead of selfish actions. Chinese metaphysics really takes a deeper look into the relationships of individuals with their families and how their character affects the decisions they make. Greek philosophy leaves these fundamentals on the back burner, and instead looks at the separation of mind and body.

My Teaching and Learning Paradigm in the Classroom

My Teaching and Learning Paradigm in the Classroom Introduction Every educator should possess his or her own unique set of teaching philosophy which suits the ever-changing needs and demands of education in todays society. Exploring and developing the beliefs of teaching plays an important role in contributing to the success of an educator in the teaching profession because our beliefs can generate our own confirmation. This teaching philosophy has been shaped by my personal experience when serving my alma mater as a relief teacher, as well as my prior experiences in teaching experience and teaching assistantship as a trainee teacher. It will serve as a basis for my embarkation to the profession of education with the aim of success in teaching. My Belief of Teaching and Learning Paradigm My core belief of teaching has been carved out based on the saying of a Greek philosopher, Socrates Education is the kindling of a flame, not the filling of a vessel. Personally, I would like to further build this belief upon the old saying If I give a man a fish, I feed him for a day; if I teach him to fish, I feed him for a lifetime. So, which came first, the chicken or the egg? If my student were to ask me this question, I would probably smile at him and reply, Why dont you find out and tell me? Many times during my interaction with young children through my teaching experiences, I was often stumbled upon the questions posed by the inquisitive minds of theirs. While there may be not definite answers to their questions, I often did not give them the answers directly. This is what shaped my core belief about teaching learning is that it is not just only a process of acquiring knowledge or skills (dictionary.com, 2012) but also a journey of discovery where sometimes the process of discovery is more important than the discovery itself. It is important not to spoonfeed the children with answers. My Teaching Belief: Now and Then Role of the teacher: To cater to Differentiation and Adaptations In this 21st century, it is a generation armed with myriad of technologies. The power of IT allows an individual to google for the answers just by a few clicks in a space without boundaries. So, one may question the role of the teacher since most answers to questions can be found on the internet. A teacher takes up many roles, one of which is to teach. And so, what if the information found on the internet does not suit the appropriate level or the learning style of the child? In my view, this is where the important role of the teacher comes in. In the past, I used to think that having a single-way approach of tackling the concept is sufficient, and assume that all children would be able to understand what is being taught. However, after taking this course, I come to realise that every child is a unique individual with different learning styles: visual learners, auditory learners, tactile learners as well as Kinesthetic learners. This is even more crucial when it comes to dealing with children with special needs. It is important not to assume, as it often does not reflect the reality. It is also essential for the teacher to adapt to the differentiation of the child. However time-consuming and taxing to modify the curriculum and the 8worksheets it may seems, I believe it is all worth it as the child would be able to learn something new that would benefit him. In my opinion, the teacher has to package her lessons in a creative and dynamic way, at the same time, tailoring to suit the individual students with a myriad of different learning styles. There is never a one size fits all approach in anywhere, including the classroom, as well as the internet. To me, what the teacher does is to try her best and tailor the content to the ability of the class. Hence, it is essential that the teacher examine the profile of each individual student before the semester. Perhaps, it is also ideal to find out the learning styles of each child prior to the lesson from their parents or from the former teachers. However, if time does not permit, this could be done over the semester, when one has taught the class for a period of time and knows the different learning styles of each individual child. According to Gardners theory of multiple intelligences, there are a total of 8 intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, intrapersonal, interpersonal. It is important for the teacher to approach a concept in a variety of ways. Hence, for my upcoming Practicum 1 and 2, I would be more tactful in including different approaches, such as including Youtube videos, songs, poems, story-telling, hands-on experiments into my lesson plan to cater to the different learning styles of my students. Of course, there are many other roles of the teacher which include: counsellor, mentor, friend, disciplinarian, group dynamics facilitator, motivational speaker etc. This would also mean that the many roles of a teacher entail the never-ending list of workload. This is when the problem seeps in, when one has to struggle with the issue of work-life balance. To me, work is never-ending and time waits for no one. It is crucial that the teacher adjusts his or her working style, to deal with each matter one at a time. This would avoid creating unnecessary stress which is unhealthy to oneself. Parents, too, have special needs In the past, I used to think that the main challenge I would face is the children, especially those with special needs. However, after taking this course, I was taught to rethink and view things from the perception of the parent. It is not only some children who have special needs some parents, too, have special needs. In this generation where parents are generally more educated than in the past, they do have a high demand from the teachers of their children. Sometimes, these demands are something that supersedes expectations which can be way beyond our limits. Encounters with parents of children with challenging behaviour can come in a variety of forms and for a variety of reasons. It is worth remembering that sometimes they are flooded with a range of strong emotions triggered by nothing to do with school. Hence, it is essential not to take their comments personally and put you down. Ultimately, it is the children that we have in heart. In fact, I used to have this mentality to why I should take up the role of a parent when I am just a teacher. Besides, I am only in my early twenties and I cannot see myself behaving like a mother who possesses all the motherly traits. I would tend to draw the clear line between the responsibilities of a teacher and a parent. Also, I would think that it is the responsibility of the parent to build a positive upbringing in the child. However, I realised that every family has their own problems. Sometimes the parents are in denial that the behaviour is unacceptable and feel the schools expectations are unreasonable. It can be difficult to deal with such parents (Rogers, 2004). However, it is important to remain professional and not to give in to the temptation of throwing in the towel. Even though, I still do not think that a teacher should take up a role as a surrogate parent, however, I am able to emphasise with their situation more compared to the past. I believe it is important not only to cultivate collegial and pupil relationship, but also parental relationships. Creating a Positive Primary Classroom Environment A classroom is the place where a teacher will be most involved during his or her professional career as a teacher (Louradusamy, Myint, Quek Wong, 2003). Hence, creating a positive primary classroom environment for the pupils is an integral part of good classroom management (Weinstein, Miganana Romana, 2011). I strongly believe in this and have integrated it as part of my teaching philosophy after taking up this course. In additional, a classroom management reflects about my philosophy of teaching and learning, which tells a lot about me who visits my class (Louradusamy et al., 2003). According to Doyle (1986), the classroom may be considered as an ecological system and viewed the classroom as a unique unit in which the teacher and the pupils interact for a purpose of teaching and learning to take place. Given the already overload work that teachers have to juggle with, I used to think that going to the extent of having an attractive classroom may be over demanding and impractical. However, after going through the teaching experience at Lian Hua Primary School, one of the things that captured my attention is the class pets a tank of guppies with iridescent colours and a furry Winter White hamster at the back of the classroom. Having to observe the class from the back of the classroom, surprisingly, it does not feel like an ordinary classroom to me. The entire feeling felt at the point of time was a brand new feeling that I have never felt before in a classroom. It felt more like a study room to me, rather than a typical classroom. After careful observation, I realised there was even a mini reading corner, with carpeted floor, and bean bags. By the side of the windows, there were pots of green bean plants with the students name labelled on each pot. Apparently, that was a science exp eriment and the pots of plants were the works of students. The greenery brought the classroom closer to nature, and together with the pets corner and reading corner, they add vibrancy to the dismal classroom setting. At the end of the lesson, the student surrounded the cage and fed the hamster and guppies. One of them even picked up the hamster and gave it a few strokes at its back. Of course, I had burning questions flashed in the mind who is going to take care of the hamster? Who is going to change the water in the tank? Who is going to dust the bean bags? As such, I spoke to the form teacher of that Primary 5 class. He said that the class pets are there to instil the sense of responsibility and to build a caring classroom culture. The students have a class duty roster where students will take turn to feed and clean the cage of the hamster and the guppies. He also emphasized that this takes time to build but the end result is often worth every efforts put in to create a positive classroom environment. True enough, the students I mingled with said that they do not find it a hassle to take up the duties of cleaning the cage and feeding the pets, Theyre part of our 5G family. The conversations exchanged with the students gave me further affirmation that it is all worth it to consider the aesthetic part of the classroom. In the future, I would definitely make the classroom attractive and pleasure-looking. Conclusion In the midst of the 4 years training as a student-teacher, I have been told of the endless stories by in-service teachers as well as ex-teachers, about how taxing and demanding teaching can be. Undoubtedly, it is hard not to feel disheartened, sceptical and even fearful about what is lying ahead of me. However, I believe that one should not let the self-fulfilling prophecy take effect (Myers, 2004). One should be positive and should embrace the future. While it does not pay a lot in dollars to be a teacher in Singapore, the psychological and emotional rewards are more than suffice the light up look on a face when a seemingly unfathomable concept is finally grasped and understood; the thank you cards from the students; and the internet satisfaction of knowing that you have made a difference that left an undeniable mark on the future. This is my teaching philosophy that I have developed thus far, and it will continue to evolve when I embark on my 4 year of teaching career. (2031 words)

Pay-For-Performance and Productive Workforces Essay -- business, compe

The company did not truly have a pay-for-performance process. In fact, what it did have was a pay-for-profitability process, commonly known as a profit sharing program. There is a substantial difference between pay-for-performance and profit sharing, both in terms of how the process is structured and how the payouts are determined. Profit sharing is a program based quite simply on how much profit the company makes, regardless of performance. In certain times, a company may not perform very well yet still make a profit. For example, on organization may incur large expenses, have inefficient use of resources and incomplete accounting of internal asset allocation. However, it may also have huge sales volumes, little competition and an enviable and desirable product. It is virtually successful in spite of itself. Can that actually occur? Examples abound: Circuit City, AOL, Xerox and so on. All quite successful companies, initially, but almost destined for problematic existence as a re sult of growth that occurred too fast too soon. They did not perform very well, yet were able to generate considerable profitability. A pay-for-performance program, on the other hand, is designed to reward measurable performance against certain standards. It is created by establishing measurable goals and objectives, assigning individuals to the goals with time bound periods of measurement and finally an evaluation of that individuals’ performance against those goals. The company may make a profit, but if the employee does not meet or exceed their performance goals, they may not receive any reward, or what is commonly viewed as a raise or bonus. True pay-for-performance does not just take profitability into account, unless generating profit was t... ... their office.(Robbins& Judges,2007) The benefits of telecommuting reduces absenteeism and tardiness. In addition, it also contributes to the green initiative by cutting down the amount of pollutants from motor vehicle travel. According to recent estimates indicate that between 9 million and 24 million people telecommute in the United States (Kurland & Bailey, 1999). Fortune 500 companies such as AT &T, IBM, and Merrill Lynch are just a few. In conclusion, if Sean Neal utilized the options listed, he could create a more productive workforce through incentives without affecting the company’s bottom line. In addition, Mr. Neal could boost morale which would create a more experienced work force through longevity of employment. By having an experience workforce Mr. Neal should see a significant increase in production and profit over a short period of time.

Biology Pearson Textbook Homework Questions Essay

a.There are several differences between RNA and DNA is that are key. DNA has deoxyribose sugar while RNA has ribose sugar. Secondly b.RNA is generally single stranded and not double stranded. Lastly RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. c.The three types of RNA are messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. Messenger RNA is the â€Å"mirror image† of the DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence for the protein specified by the gene. The Transfer RNA transfers the amino acids to the ribosomes from coded messages. Ribosomal RNA helps build the proteins on the ribosome. d.The reason that so many RNA molecules are produced more than DNA molecules because you only have two copies of DNA in one cell. If only two proteins could be produced at a time it would take the cell a much longer time to do the functions that it needs to perform. 2. a.During transcription segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules. b.I think that the mRNA would not code properly for the correct protein so none of the functions could occur properly. No proteins could be made without the mRNA. 3.RNA George a.I am unspecialized and am very willing and capable to do any job. I can be used in the messenger, transfer, and building proteins areas of work. As a messenger I can encode the protein sequence that is given to me from the genes. As a â€Å"transferist† I can transfer the amino acids to the ribosomes. Finally as an rRNA I can assemble proteins. Please consider my application.

How International Differences in the Ownership and Financing Essay

Explain how international differences in the ownership and financing of companies could lead to differences in financial reporting. There are major international differences in accounting practices whereby different companies in a country may use different accounting systems. This differences between companies mainly influenced by a company’s country, size, sector or number of stock exchange listings. It is very significant that banks are the capital provider for small family-owned business in Germany, France and Italy. However, in the United States and the United Kingdom there are large numbers of companies that rely on millions of private shareholders for finance. There are three type of financial system has been formalized by Zysman which are capital market system, credit-based government systems and credit-based financial institution systems. These types could be simplified further to ‘equity’ and ‘credit’. In United States and United Kingdom, companies are finance by investors rather than by individual shareholders. So, in these countries with a widespread ownership of companies by shareholders who do not have access to internal information, there will be a pressure for disclosure, audit and fair information. Thus, this will lead to a different financial reporting. On the other hand, in ‘credit’ countries, few of the listed companies are dominated by bankers, governments or founding families. In Germany, important owners of companies as well as providers of debt finance are the banks. Besides that, listed companies in continental European countries are also dominated by banks, governments or families where the information published is not so detail. Hence, this can automatically lead to differences in financial reporting. In addition to that, most continental European countries and in Japan, the external financial reporting has been created for the purpose of protecting creditors and for governments due to the lack of ‘outsider’ shareholders. So, due to the greater important creditors in these countries, it leads to more conservative accounting. This is because creditors want their money back if companies suffer losses or damages, whereas shareholders may be interested in an unbiased estimate of future prospects. Hence, this could lead to some differences in financial reporting.